Publicly funded Health Insurance

Publicly funded Health Insurance
With publicly funded health insurance the good and the bad risks all receive coverage without regard to their health status, which eliminates the problem of adverse selection and amplifies the problem of moral hazard.

National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the "public face" of the four publicly funded health care systems of the United Kingdom. The organisations provide the majority of healthcare in the UK, from general practitioners to Accident and Emergency Departments, long-term healthcare and dentistry. They were founded in 1948 and have become an integral part of British society, culture and everyday life: the NHS was once described by Nigel Lawson, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, as 'the national religion'. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used only by a small percentage of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services.

Health Insurance in the United States
Main article: Health care in the United States
According to the latest United States Census Bureau figures, approximately 85% of Americans have health insurance. Approximately 60% obtain health insurance through their place of employment or as individuals, and various government agencies provide health insurance to over 29% of Americans.[2] In 2005, there were 41.2 million people in the U.S. (14.2 percent of the population) who were without healthcare insurance for at least part of that year.(ibid) For many people, however, this does not boil down to a simple question of affordability. Part of this population might include young and healthy individuals with low risk of serious illness who don't believe that health insurance would be cost-effective. In fact, approximately one-third of these 41.2 million live in households with an income over $50,000, with half of these having an income of over $75,000.[3] Additionally, one third of these 41.2 million are eligible for public health insurance programs but have not signed up for them.[4] People living in the western and southern United States are more likely to be uninsured.[2]

Medicare
In the United States, government-funded Medicare programs help to insure the elderly and end stage renal disease patients. Some health care economists (Ewe Reinhardt of Princeton and Stuart Butler among others) assert that (the third party payment feature) these programs have had the unintended consequence of distorting the price of medical procedures. As a result, the Health Care Financing Administration has set up a list of procedures and corresponding prices under the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale.

Starting in 2006, Medicare Part D provides a program for the elderly to buy insurance for the purchase of prescription drugs.

Medicare Advantage
Medicare Advantage expands the health care options for Medicare beneficiaries. Medicare Advantange was born from the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 in order to better control the rapid growth in Medicare spending, as well as to provide Medicare beneficiaries more choices.

Medicaid
While Medicaid was instituted for the very poor, beginning in 1972, the number of individuals in the United States who lacked any form of health insurance for any period during the year increased each year, every year with the exceptions of the years 1999 and 2000.[citation needed] It has been reported that the number of physicians accepting Medicaid has decreased in recent years due to relatively high administrative costs and low reimbursements. [5]

The shift to managed care in the U.S.
Through the 1990s, managed care grew from about 25% of U.S. employees to the vast majority.


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